Page 308 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

JAY Ho: Ayushman Bharat's Jan Arogya Yojana (JAY) and Health Outcomes 291

General Medicine 76 98
General Surgery 98 152
Interventional Neuroradiology 10 15

Medical oncology 71 263
Mental Disorders Packages 10 10
Neo-natal care Packages 10 10
Neurosurgery 54 82
obstetrics & Gynecology 59 77
ophthalmology 40 53
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 7 9
orthopedics 71 132
otorhinolaryngology 35 78

Pediatric Medical Management 46 65
Pediatric Surgery 19 35
Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 8 12
Polytrauma 10 21
Radiation oncology 14 35
Surgical oncology 76 120
Urology 94 143

Unspecified Surgical Package 1 1
Total 872 1,574

PUBLIC GOODS, DEMOCRACIES AND GOVERNANCE

9.14 Samuelson (1954) conceptualised certain goods as “public goods” and argued that that
“no decentralized pricing system can serve to optimally determine these levels of collective
consumption (of the public good).” As public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, market
failures predominate in the provision of such goods. The decentralised free market system that
works through prices cannot force consumers to reveal their demand for purely non-excludable
goods, and so cannot lead to producers meeting that demand. Also, given their non-rivalry,
private producers cannot make the requisite profits to justify investing in such goods. Therefore,
public goods may get severely under-produced without intervention by a government.

9.15 Since public goods are not adequately provided for by the markets, they must be supplied
by the government. Therefore, provisioning for public goods and ensuring their supply represents
one of the most important functions of a government. Access to safe drinking water, sanitation,
transport, medical care, and schools is essential both as a direct component of well-being as
well as inputs into productive capabilities. Besley and Ghatak (2004) argue that the rich have
the option to seek private alternatives, lobby for better services, or if need be, move to different
areas. The poor do not have such choices, which accentuates their deprivation when public
goods are not provided for especially to the vulnerable sections of society. The presence of
strong linkages between public goods provision and economic development accentuates the need