Page 701 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

328 Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 2

10.3 A clarion call for 'Atma Nirbhar Bharat' was announced to revive the economy and
to address the pandemic. A special economic and comprehensive package of ` 20 lakh
crore - equivalent to 10 per cent of India’s GDP was announced in May 2020. In subsequent
announcements, additional support cumulating to ` 29.88 lakh crore up to November 2020 was
announced. Of these, provision for ` 4.31 lakh crore made for social sector includes PMGKY
and PMGKY Anna Yojana, housing and health (including R & D Grant for COVID-19 Suraksha),
EPF support to worker & employers, street vendors, MGNREGS workers and ABRY etc.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

10.4 India’s rank in Human Development Index (HDI) was 131 in 2019, compared to 129
1
in 2018, out of a total 189 countries according to UNDP Human Development Report, 2020.
It may be mentioned that the decline in HDI ranking by two points in 2019 as compared to
2018 is relative to other countries. By looking at the sub-component wise performance of HDI
indicators, India's ‘GNI per capita (2017 PPP $)’ has increased from US$ 6,427 in 2018 to US$
6,681 in 2019, and ‘life expectancy at birth’ has improved from 69.4 years in 2018 to 69.7 years
in 2019, respectively. However, the ‘mean years of schooling’ and ‘expected years of schooling’
remained unchanged in 2019 compared to 2018. However, considering the value of Planetary
pressures adjusted HDI (PHDI) , India was positioned 8 ranks better than HDI rank. If a country
2
puts no pressure on the planet, its PHDI and HDI would be equal, but the PHDI falls below the
HDI as pressure rises. PHDI values are very close to HDI values for countries with an HDI value
of 0.7 or lower. (Table 2).

Table 2: Trends in India’s HDI Value and its Sub-components

Year 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 2019
Life expectancy at birth 57.9 62.5 64.5 66.7 68.6 69.2 69.4 69.7

Expected years of schooling b 7.6 8.3 9.7 10.8 12.0 12.3 12.2 12.2
Mean years of schooling b 3.0 4.4 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.5

GNI per capita 1,787 2,548 3,217 4,182 5,391 6,119 6,427 6,681
a
HDI value 0.429 0.495 0.536 0.579 0.624 0.640 0.642 0.645
Source: Human Development Report, 2020, UNDP.
Note: GNI (Gross national income) is based on 2017 dollar purchasing power parity (PPP), Data refers to 2019
a
b
or the most recent year available.
10.5 The value of HDI for India has increased from 0.579 in 2010 to 0.645 in 2019. The average
annual HDI growth during 2010-2019 was 1.21 per cent as compared to 1.58 per cent during
the period 2000-2010. Cross country comparison of average annual HDI growth shows India
is ahead of BRICS countries (Figure 1). To sustain this momentum, and overcome possible
fallouts of COVID-19 on human development, the thrust on access to social services such as
education and health is critical.

1 The Human Development Report (HDR) published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
estimates the human development index (HDI) in terms of three basic parameters: to live a long and healthy life, to
be educated and knowledgeable, and to enjoy a decent economic standard of living.
2 The adjustment factor for PHDI is calculated as the arithmetic mean of indices measuring carbon dioxide emis-
sions per capita and material footprint per capita.