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Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development 351

10.29 The unpaid domestic and caregiving services provided by women are not influenced
by their level of education. As shown in Table 10, even with education level of “secondary and
above”, women spend 295 minutes in unpaid domestic services for household members and 146
minutes in unpaid caregiving services for household members.

10.30 In terms of contribution to the economy, while women of productive age group spent

337 minutes in unpaid non-SNA activity , it was only 41 minutes in the case of males. Similarly,
6
males spent 305 minutes in paid activities, while it was only 68 minutes for females (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Average Time (in minutes) Spent in a Day per
Person in Paid and Unpaid Activities (15-59 age group)

400
350 337
305
300
250
200
150
100 68
50 32 27 41
0
Unpaid SNA activities Unpaid non-SNA Paid activities
activities

Male Female

Source: Time Use Survey, 2019 (Table 42, Appendix A)

10.31 Similarly, the time spent on unpaid domestic and care giving services (340 minutes

or 5.6 hrs) is high for females in the workforce as compared to males but relatively less than

females who are not in the labour force (457 minutes or 7.60 hours) (Table 11). Thus, women

in the workforce shoulder the responsibility of domestic activities as well as paid work, which
leaves them with less time to spend on employment related activities.

10.32 There was no distinction among social groups as regards the time spent on unpaid non-

SNA activities which was highest among 'Others' group (286 minutes) followed by SC (285

minutes). Time spent by females on paid activities was highest for ST (75 minutes). We can see
the women of ST social group are positioned better compared to other social groups as regards

paid activities (Table 12).

6 Unpaid activities include taking care of children, elderly in the household, production of goods and services for
own consumption, while paid activities include self-employment, regular wage/salary jobs and casual work. SNA
production activity include employment, Unpaid direct volunteering for other households for production of goods
or for production of goods/services for market/non-market units, Unpaid community and organization-based volun-
teering for production of goods or for production of goods/services for market/non-market units,etc and Non-SNA
Production includes Unpaid domestic services for household members, Unpaid caregiving services for household
members, Unpaid direct volunteering for other households for production of services for the households and Unpaid
community- and organization-based volunteering for production of services for the households (Source: TUS, 2019).