Page 349 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

332 Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1

of State level differences by including State fixed effects (FE). The results seen in Figure 22

remain robust and thereby suggest that the effect of BNI on health outcomes are likely to be causal.

Figure 22: Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates

Source: Survey calculations.
Table 2: Regression Results: Health and Education Indicators and BNI

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Dependent Infant Mortality Under-5 Gross Enrolment Gross Enrolment
variable: Rate (per 1,000 Mortality Rate Ratio Class 9-10 Ratio Class 11-12
live births) (per 1,000 live births)

BNI -26.21*** -30.63*** 86.33*** 46.11**
(7.375) (9.930) (12.86) (18.80)

Constant 45.37*** 53.68*** 24.91*** 23.93**
(5.431) (6.212) (7.685) (11.52)

Observations 91 90 59 59
R-squared 0.751 0.677 0.874 0.851

State FE Yes Yes Yes Yes
Source: Survey calculations.
Note: Robust standard errors clustered by State in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

EDUCATION OUTCOMES

10.23 Research studies support that the access to bare necessities through its possible linkages
can positively impact educational indicators as well. Water hauling, a daily activity, consumes
substantial time and effort of a household. It is found that water hauling activity is negatively
associated with the girls’ school attendance (Nauges and Strand, 2011; Sekhri, 2013). Access
to latrine in schools substantially increases enrolment of pubescent-age girls (Adukia, 2016).
Further, the electrification’s links with education, which could be through lighting and use of
other equipment, are visible in day-to-day life. In fact, there is a strong correlation between
electricity consumption per capita and higher scores on the education index across countries
(Makoto and Nakata, 2008). In view of the above, it is pertinent to explore relation, if any,
between BNI levels and education indicators.