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240 Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1

terms (2019) across countries. It may be seen that India has performed below expectation for its
past innovation performance in terms of recent GDP per capita.

HOW DOES INDIA PERFORM ON INNOVATION?

8.3 India ranks 48 amongst 131 countries in terms of its innovation performance as measured
th
using the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2020. See Box 2 for a description of the GII, which is
further sub-divided into the innovation output sub-index and innovation input sub-index. India
ranks 45 and 57 on the output and input sub-indices respectively. India entered the top 50
th
th
innovating countries for the first time since the inception of the index in 2007. Along with three
other economies – Vietnam, Republic of Moldova and Kenya, India has the rare distinction of
being an innovation achiever for ten consecutive years.

Box 2: The Global Innovation Index (GII)

The GII is co-published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), a specialized agency of the United Nations. It seeks to assist economies in
evaluating their innovation performance.

GII has two sub-indices: the Innovation Input Sub-Index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index, and
seven pillars, each consisting of three sub-pillars, further divided into a total of 80 indicators. The
Innovation Input sub-index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index have equal weight in calculating
the overall GII. The Innovation Input sub-index has five pillars: (i) Institutions; (ii) Human Capital
and Research; (iii) Infrastructure; (iv) Market Sophistication; and (v) Business Sophistication. The
Innovation Output Sub-Index has two pillars (i) Knowledge and Technological outputs and (ii)
Creative outputs. GII was first conceptualised in 2007.

Source: GII

GII 2020 includes 131 countries/economies, which represent 93.5 per cent of the world’s population
and 97.4 per cent of the world’s GDP in purchasing power parity current international dollars.