Page 285 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

268 Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1

than the business sector in all the other large economies such as China, US, Japan and UK (68
per cent on average). This can be clearly seen because the proportion contributed to GERD by
higher education is similar in India as in the top 10 economies.

8.42 Figure 36 presents the total full time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel and researchers in
relation to the level of development. India performs below expectation for its level of development
in terms of R&D personnel and researchers, making it an area warranting attention. Other large
economies such as Japan, Germany and France have higher than expected R&D manpower
for their level of development. India has amongst the lowest number of R&D manpower as
compared to other top ten economies (GDP current US$).

Figure 36: R&D Personnel and Researchers, 2018

R&D Personnel per million inhabitants(FTE) R&D Personnel per thousand Labour Force(FTE)
10000 GR 20 FR GR

R&D Personnel 7500 5000 CH JP UK R&D Personnel 15 10 JP IT UK
FR
IT
2500
India 408.81 5 India 1.13 CH
0
0
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Log 10 (GDP per capita, 2018 PPP Current International $) Log 10 (GDP per capita, 2018 PPP Current International $)
Researchers per million inhabitants(FTE) Researchers per thousand Labour Force(FTE)
7500 15

JP
Researchers 5000 FR UK GR Researchers 10 JP FR GR
UK
2500
CH IT 5 CH IT
India 252.70 India 0.70
0 0

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Log 10 (GDP per capita, 2018 PPP Current International $) Log 10 (GDP per capita, 2018 PPP Current International $)

Note: Figure shows India’s Personnel/Researchers. CH = China, JP = Japan, GR = Germany, UK = United Kingdom,
FR = France, IT = Italy.
Source: The World Bank and UNESCO

8.43 Figure 37 shows that government sector’s contribution to total FTE R&D personnel (36
per cent) and researchers (23 per cent) in India was the highest amongst the top ten economies
in 2018 (nine per cent on average). However, Indian business sector’s contribution to R&D
personnel (30 per cent) and researchers (34 per cent) was the second lowest, after Brazil,
amongst the top ten economies (over 50 per cent on average).