Page 286 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

Innovation: Trending Up but needs thrust, especially from the Private Sector 269

Figure 37: R&D Personnel and Researchers by Sector, 2018

A) Government Sector B) Business Sector

40 36 80 78 68 64 61 59 60
Government Contribution to Total R&D Personnel FTE (per cent) 25 12 7 15 11 12 7 Business Contribution to Total R&D Personnel FTE (per cent) 50 30 54 22
35
70
60
30
40
20
30
15
10
20
5
0
China Japan Germany India 3 UK France Italy 3 Brazil* Canada** 10 0 China Japan Germany India UK France Italy Brazil* Canada**

25 20 23 80 61 74 60 62 57
Government Contribution to Total Researchers FTE (per cent) 15 5 5 13 10 16 3 5 Business Contribution to Total Researchers FTE (per cent) 50 34 41 44 27
70
20
60
40
10
30
20
0
China Japan Germany India 2 UK France Italy Brazil* Canada** 10 0 China Japan Germany India UK France Italy Brazil* Canada**

Source: UNESCO
Note: *Brazil data from 2014. **Canada data from 2017. Data for USA not available.

INDIA’S PERFORMANCE ON PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS

8.44 Figure 38 shows the trend in total patent applications filed in India by resident and non-
residents during the period 1990-2019. The total number of patents filed in India has risen
steeply since 1999, mainly on account of increase in patent applications filed by non-residents.
While patent applications filed by residents have increased steadily since 1999, they have risen
at a much lower rate than patent applications by non-residents.

Box 4: Non-Resident Indians and Innovation

Breschi, Lissoni and Miguelez (2017) estimated that around six per cent of US-resident inventors
listed at the European Patent Office in 2009 had an Indian name and surname. This was roughly the
same as the Chinese. This more than the French, Germans and Italians combined.
Large-scale out-migration of skilled workforce and students from India is not necessarily bad news
for India’s innovation aspirations. This could potentially result in return of higher-skilled workforce
in future. However, this would require an enabling environment that facilitates re-entry into the
Indian job-market and high-tech research opportunities.