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378 Economic Survey 2021-22

Health Outcome Indicators

10.75 India has made significant progress in improving its health outcomes over the last two
decades by eliminating polio, guinea worm disease, yaws and maternal and neonatal tetanus .
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As per latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5, social indicators such as total fertility
rate, sex ratio and health outcome indicators viz., infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate,
institutional birth rates have improved over year 2015-16 (Table 11).

Table 11: Progress on Social and Health Indicators

NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3 NFHS-4 NFHS-5
Particulars
(1992-93) (1998-99) (2005-06) (2015-16) (2019-21)
Total Fertility Rate (Children 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.2 2
per women)
Sex ratio at birth for children
born in the last five years (fe- - - 914 919 929
males per 1,000 males)

Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 78.5 67.6 57 40.7 35.2
livebirths)

Under-five Mortality Rate (per 109.3 94.9 74.3 49.7 41.9
1000 livebirths)

Institutional Birth (%) 26.1 33.6 40.8 78.9 88.6

Pregnant women age 15-49 who
are anaemic (%) - 51.8 57.9 50.4 52.2

Population living in households
that use an improved sanitation - 17.6 29.1 48.5 70.2
facility (%)

Households using clean fuel for
cooking (%) - - 25.6 43.8 58.6

Source: Reports of various NFHS rounds.
Note: The figures for institutional birth reported in the NFHS-3 factsheet were based on the last 2 births in the 3 years
before the survey to ever-married women. Whereas, since NFHS-4 the figures are being provided for all the births in
the 5 years before the survey. So, the figures for NFHS-1 to NFHS-3 are not comparable with NFHS-4 and 5.
Child Health Indicators

10.76 Government has made efforts to address nutrition deficiency among children. POSHAN
Abhiyaan was launched in March 2018 to achieve improvement in nutritional status of Children
from 0-6 years, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers. The vision is to achieve
reduction in stunting and wasting in children (0-6 years) as well as reduction in anaemia in
women, children and adolescent girls. Besides, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) created
sanitation infrastructure and awareness across the country. Moreover, special vaccination drives
like Mission Indradhanush, Intensified Mission Indradhanush, Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan (GSA),
Extended GSA reached the left out and drop out children from vaccination.

22 Health System for A New India: Building Blocks. NITI Aayog. 2019