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380 Economic Survey 2021-22

Uttarakhand 39.7 39.1 46.5 45.6 32.4 27.9
Telangana 27.7 26.4 31.7 29.4 16.8 20.0
Andaman and Nicobar 9.8 20.6 13.0 24.5 7.3 12.3
(UT)
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 33.4 31.8 39.9 37.0 13.9 21.4
& Daman Diu (UT)
Lakshadweep (UT) 27.0 0.0 30.2 0.0 0.0 23.3
Puducherry (UT) 15.7 2.9 16.2 3.9 5.8 2.3
Ladakh (UT) 20.0 29.5 29.5
Source: NFHS-5, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Note: In NFHS-5, Jammu & Kashmir is Union Territory excluding Ladakh
Life Expectancy

10.78 Report on ‘Sample Registration based System (SRS) based Abridged Life Tables
2014-18’ provides estimates of average longevity at various age groups Latest estimates of
23
Expectation of life at birth for India are available for 2014-18. Life expectancy at birth was 69.4
years for the period 2014-18; it has increased by 0.4 years from 2013-17. It varies widely across
states; ranging from the lowest of 65.2 years in Chhattisgarh to the highest at 75.3 years in
Kerala and Delhi. It is higher in urban areas (72.6 years) than in rural areas (68.0 years). Increase
from 2013-17 is higher for rural (of 0.3 years) than increase in urban areas (0.2 years). The gap
between the rural and urban life expectancy has also narrowed down significantly from 1970-75
to 2014-18. Females are expected to live longer (70.7 years) compared to males (68.2 years).
In 2014-18 when compared to 2013-17, females are expected to live longer in most States/UTs
both across the rural and urban areas, except for Bihar and Jharkhand.

Total Fertility rate
10.79 Latest NFHS-5 shows that Total Fertility Rate (TFR), an average number of children
per women, has further come down to 2 in 2019-21 from 2.2 in 2015-16 (Table 13). The total
fertility rate has even come down below the replacement level of fertility (2.1 children per
woman) in the country. Further, in all the States/UTs except for Manipur, Meghalaya, Bihar,
Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh the replacement level of fertility has been achieved. Increasing
use of contraceptives especially the modern methods, better family planning, and girl education
possibly have contributed to the decline in the fertility rates. Use of family planning methods
has increased from 53.5 percent in 2015-16 to 66.7 percent in 2019-21. Access to better health
infrastructure could be another factor. Significant improvement is seen in the infrastructure and
services reaching to the public, such as institutional delivery. Institutional delivery has increased
to 88.6 percent in 2019-21 compared to 78.9 percent in 2015-16.

Sex Ratio

10.80 Sex ratio, number of females per 1000 males, in the total population has risen from 991
females in 2015-16 (NFHS-4) to 1020 in 2019-21 (NFHS-5). More importantly, sex ratio at
birth, female children per 1000 male children born in the last five years, has grown from 919
in 2015-16 to 929 in 2019-21. To prevent gender biased sex selective elimination, to ensure

23 Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs Government Of India:
https://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/SRS%20based%20Abridged%20Life%20Tables%202014-18.pdf