Page 337 - ES 2020-21_Volume-1-2 [28-01-21]

320 Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1

The index for each State and group has been constructed for rural, urban and (rural + urban) combined
for India for 2012 and 2018. For directional uniformity, the negative indicators - less of which is
desirable - are transformed to indicate the desired positive outcomes by deducting them from 100 (as
all indicators are in per cent). For instance, “percentage of households with no bathroom”, which is a
negative indicator, is converted to “percentage of households having bathroom”, which is a positive
indicator. The index is constructed by first aggregating the indicators for each dimension, and then
the dimensions are aggregated using their scores for the particular State/group. Arithmetic mean is
used for aggregation. The score for an indicator for particular State/group is calculated using the
formula below:
Actual value-Minimum value (fixed at 0)

Indicator Score = Maximum value (fixed at 100) - Minimum value (fixed at 0)

The value of the index ranges between 0 and 1. Higher the value of index, better is the access to the
bare necessities.

OVERALL BNI

10.5 State-wise values of BNI in 2012 and 2018 for India (rural + urban), rural and urban
are plotted respectively in Figures 1, 2, and 3. A higher value indicates better access to bare
necessities in a State. The three colours, green, yellow and red, used in the maps show the
level of a State in providing access to bare necessities to its households. Green (above 0.70)
indicates ‘High’ level and is therefore the most desirable, followed by yellow (0.50 to 0.70),
which indicates ‘Medium’ level. In contrast, Red (below 0.50) indicates very ‘Low’ level of
access. The difference in colours in a map indicate the regional variation in the access to bare
necessities for the households.

10.6 It is quite evident from Figure 1 that in most of the states, the access to bare necessities
for the households in 2018 is significantly better compared to 2012. Access to bare necessities
in 2018 is the highest in the States such as Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttrakhand, Delhi,
Goa, Mizoram and Sikkim while it is the lowest in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Tripura.
The states showing improvement on the access to bare necessities, where red in 2012 became
yellow or green in 2018 or where yellow in 2012 became green in 2018, are Haryana, Punjab,
Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Kerala, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
and North East states except for Tripura, Nagaland and Meghalaya.

10.7 In rural India, the highest access to bare necessities in 2018 is recorded in Punjab, Kerala,
Sikkim, Goa and Delhi, while the lowest in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Manipur and Tripura. The States showing improvement in
their access to bare necessities are J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.