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Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development 341

Figure 5: Level and Change in Unemployment Rates (ps+ss) between 2017-18 and 2018-19

Source: Annual Report PLFS, 2017-18 and 2018-19.
Note: Tech. indicated the age group 15-59 years who received formal vocational/technical training
by broad activity status (viz., employed, unemployed and not in labour force); Youth indicates person
between the age 15 to 29 years; and Edu. Indicates persons of age 15 years and above with different
educational attainments.

Figure 6: Rural and Urban Unemployment Rates in States (2018-19)

Source: Annual Report PLFS, 2018-19.
Labour Reforms

10.21 Years 2019 and 2020 are landmark years in the history of labour reforms, when the country
saw the nearly 29 Central Labour laws being amalgamated, rationalized and simplified into four
labour codes viz.: (i) the Code on Wages, 2019, (ii) the Industrial Relations Code, 2020, (iii) the
Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 and (iv) the Code on Social
Security, 2020, thereby bringing these laws in tune with the changing labour market trends and at the
same time accommodating the minimum wage requirement and welfare needs of the unorganized
sector workers, including the self-employed and migrant workers, within the framework of
legislation. The reforms was a long drawn process spread over nearly three decades as may be seen in
Box 5. The highlights of each of the Labour Codes are given in Annexure II.